| PGA3 | Processing of Gas1p and ALP | Low glucose condition induces expression and activity of plasma membrane NADH coenzyme Q reductase (PGA3). Overexpression of PGA3 extends replicative and chronological lifespan by 20-30% [19239415]. | Budding yeast |
| LAG2 | Protein involved in determination of longevity | Deletion of LAG2 in haploid SP1 strain does not affect growth, but results in a 50% decrease in the mean and maximum replicative lifespan. When LAG2 is overexpressed, the mean and maximum replicative lifespan is extended by about 36% and 54%, respectively. Overexpression induced at generation 12 similarly increases replicative lifespan [8760941]. | Budding yeast |
| PNC1 | Pyrazinamidase/NiCotinamidase 1 | Cells with 5 copies of PNC1 have a 70% longer replicative lifespan which is cancelled out by SIR2 deletion. PNC1 is upregulated under glucose DR [12736687]. Pnc1 reduces cellular nicotinamide levels, a product and noncompetitive inhibitor of Sir2 deacetylation reaction. Overexpression of PNC1 suppresses the effect of exogenously added nicotinamide on Sir2-dependent silencing at HM loci, telomeres and rDNA loci [12736687; 14729974]. Pnc1 catalyses the breakdown of nicotinamide to nicotinate and ammonia [12736687]. Deletion of PNC1 shortens replicative lifespan approximately by 10% [12736687] and largely prevents replicative lifespan extension of 0.5% glucose restriction. 0.5% glucose restriction slightly extends median replicative lifespan (by 10 - 15%) but not maximum replicative lifespan in pnc1Delta [14724176]. PNC1 overexpression suppresses the inhibitory effect of exogenously added NAM on silencing, lifespan, and Hst1-mediated transcriptional repression [14729974]. Increased expression of PNC1 is both necessary and sufficient for replicative lifespan extension by DR and low-intensity stress. Under non-stressing conditions (2% glucose, 30 degree Celsius), a strain with additional copies of PNC1 (5XPNC1) has 70% longer replicative lifespan than the wild-type and some cells live for more than 70 divisions. Neither DR nor heat stress further increase the lifespan of the 5XPNC1 strain [12736687]. PNC1 deletion decreases chronological lifespan [17110466]. | Budding yeast |
| RPL6A | Ribosomal Protein of the Large subunit 6A | Deletion of RPL6A decrease mean replicative lifespan by 25% in the alpha strain [18340043; 18423200], but increases mean replicative lifespan by 40% in the remade strain. Its deletion non-significantly increases mean replicative lifespan in the ORF collection [22377630]. | Budding yeast |
| SIR2 | Silent Information Regulator 2 | Deletion of SIR2 shortens replicative lifespan by approximately 30%. Integration of a second copy of SIR2 into the wild-type strain leads to an extension of replicative lifespan by around 35% in W303R strain [10521401]. Deletion of SIR2 causes genomic instability at rDNA array [2647300] and shortens replicative lifespan by 50% [11000115]. 0.5% glucose restriction fails to increase the short lifespan of sir2Delta [11000115] probably duo to hyperaccumulations of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) [16311627]. 0.1% glucose restriction extends replicative lifespan of sir2 mutants [12213553]. 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05% glucose restriction are able to increase lifespan of sir2;fob1 double mutant to a greater extent than in wild-type [15328540]. 0.05% glucose restriction further extends replicative lifespan of SIR2 overexpression mutant [15328540]. Sir2 blocks extreme chronological lifespan extension as the lack of Sir2 along with DR and/or mutations in the yeast AKT homolog, Sch9, or Ras pathways causes a dramatic chronological lifespan extension (6-fold) [16286010]. Sir2 inhibits formation of ERCs and acts on histones as well metabolic enzymes among others. Overexpression extends replicative lifespan in several strains, but not in PSY316 [15684413].
Chronological lifespan of sir2 deletion mutant is significantly extended compared with wild-type in water (extreme DR) but not in saturated cultures containing 2% glucose (ad libitum).
SIR2 mutants are defective for telomere [1913809] and HM silencing [6098447; 3297920]. have increased rDNA recombination [2647300] and a loss of rDNA silencing [9009207; 9009206].
| Budding yeast |
| SIR4 | Silent information regulator 4 | Deletion of SIR4 results in 20-25% reduction of lifespan [10521401]. SIR4 deletion mutants exhibit loss of silencing at the silent mating type loci [3297920] and telomeres [1913809] and have slightly elevated level of rDNA marker loss [10521401]. The short lifespan of a SIR4 mutant is probably due to the simultaneous expression of a and alpha mating-type information, which indirectly causes an increase in rDNA recombination and likely increases the production of extrachromosomal rDNA circles. Lifespan reduction by SIR4 deletion is suppressed by preventing mating type heterozygosity (co-expression of MATa and MATalpha). The sir4-42 mutation extends lifespan of by more than 30% and is semidominant in Bx1-14c strain which carrys a C-terminal truncation of MPT5/UTH4. sir4-42 extends lifespan by preventing recruitment of the SIR proteins to HM loci and telomeres, thereby increasing their concentration at other chromosomal regions. Expression of only the carboxyl terminus of SIR4 interferes with silencing at HM loci and telomere, which also extends lifespan [7859289]. Both Sir3 and Sir4 relocate to the nucleolus in the sir4-42 mutant background, dependent upon MPT5 and YGL023. sir4-42 has no effect on lifespan in a UTH4 wild-type strain background [9150138]. sir-4-42 results in constitutive localization of SIR3 to the rDNA. Lifespan extension by sir4-42 is likely due to increased dosage of SIR2 at the rDNA [10521401]. | Budding yeast |
| SRX1 | SulfiRedoXin 1 | Extra copy of SRX1 counteracts age-related hyperoxidation of Tsa1 and extends replicative lifespan by 15 - 20% in a TSA1-dependent manner. Replicative lifespan extension in sir2;fob1 double mutant by DR is reduced by SRX1 deletion. Wild-type cells require SRX1 to fully extend lifespan. DR fails to further extend replicative lifespan of cells carrying an extra copy of SRX1. Mutation in CDC35 (adenylate cyclase), a genetic mimetic of DR, is dependent on SRX1 to extend replicative lifespan [21884982]. | Budding yeast |
| SOD1 | SuperOxide Dismutase 1 | The overexpression of Sods, mitochondrial Sod2 and cytosolic CuZnSod (Sod1), in combination delays the age-dependent reversible inactivation of mitochondrial aconitase, a superoxide-sensitive enzyme, and extends chronological lifespan by 30% [12586694]. Deletion of SOD1 decreases replicative lifespan by 40% [17460215]. Overexpression of SOD1 with CCS1 levuates the level of Cn, Zn-Sod activity and increased chronological lifespan. However overexpression of SOD1 without high cooper or simultonous overexpression of CCS1 shortened both chronological and replicative lifespan [15659212]. Overexpression of SOD1 has no effect on replicative lifespan [10224252]. Deletion of SOD1 shortens replicative lifespan by approximately 40%. The magnitude of the decrease in lifespan does not appear to dependent on oxygen concentration in the atmosphere [12020810]. Deletion of SOD1 shortens replicative lifespan [10547026]. Deletion of SOD1 shortens replicative as well as chronological lifespan [10222047].
Cells with a deletion of SOD1 exhibit a profound defect in entry into and survival during stationary phase (i.e. chronological lifespan) in the W303-B strain [8647826; 10222047], which is partially suppressed by expression of human Bcl-2 [9199172].
Hypersensitivity to oxygene and significantly decreased replicative lifespan of SOD1 deletion can be ameliorated by exogenous ascorbate. If acorbate's negative effects of auto-oxidation are prevented by exchange of medium, ascorbate prolongs mean and maximum replicative lifespan in the atmosphere of air and pure oxygene [15621721].
SOD1 deletion causes sensitivity to hyperoxia as well as methionine and lysine auxotrohies [9199172].
| Budding yeast |
| SOD2 | SuperOxide Dismutase 2 | SOD2 deletion decreases replicative lifespan by 72% [17460215]. SOD2 deletion decreases chronological lifespan [21076178]. Deletion of SOD2 decreases chronological lifespan in wild-type and abolishes chronological lifespan extension in sch9Delta mutants as well as decreases chronological lifespan in cyr1:mTn mutants [12586694]. Combined overexpression of SOD1 and SOD2 extends chronological lifespan by 30% in EG103 strain [12586694].
SOD2 deletion mutants are hypersensitive to oxygen and grow poorly in ethanol [10222047]. | Budding yeast |
| SSD1 | Suppressor of SIT4 Deletion 1 | Overexpression of SSD1 (addition of a SSD1-V allele) increases replicative lifespan by 50%, independently of SIR2 and SIR2 further extends the lifespan, although SIR2 is necessary for SSD1-V cells to attain maximal lifespan [15126388]. SSD1-V also dramatically increases chronological lifespan with lifespan twice as long as ssd1-d cells [19570907]. Deletion of SSD1 increases replicative lifespan by 50% [Li et al., 2009].
Addition of SSD1-V allele to an ssd1-d strain suppresses the short lifespan of an MPT5 deletion mutant [11805047] and extend wild-type lifespan [Kaeberlein and Guarente, unpublished].
SSD1-V slightly extends the lifespan of swi4 and ccr4 mutant strains and suppresses the temperature sensitive growth phenotype of mpt5, ccr3, swi4, and swi6 single mutants [11805047]. SSD1-V also suppresses the synthetic lethality caused by deletion of MPT5 in combination with a mutation in SWI4, SWI6, or CCR4 [11805047]. SSD1-V suppresses mutations that affect cell wall stability [1545797; 8386319], RNA polymerase III activity [8510644], RNA splicing [10446233], and PKA activity [1848673; 8200529]. | Budding yeast |
| VMA1 | Vacuolar Membrane Atpase 1 | Overexpression of VMA1 increases vacuolar acidity and suppresses age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of aged cells (17 or 18 cell divisions) which requires the V-ATPase activity. VMA1 overexpression significantly increases mean, median and maximum lifespan by 39 - 45%, 39 - 48% and 50 - 60%, respectively. DR (0.5% glucose restriction) does not further increase the lifespan of VMA1 overexpression strain [23172144].
| Budding yeast |
| VPH2 | Vacuolar pH 2 | Overexpression of VPH2 increases the levels of assembled V-ATPase at the vacuolar membrane, increases vacuolar acidity and suppresses age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of aged cells (17 or 18 cell divisions) which requires the V-ATPase activity. VPH2 overexpression significantly increases mean, median and maximum replicative lifespan by 23, 25 and 34%, respectively [23172144]. | Budding yeast |
